english- 第3部分

Divergent　Thinking
The　ability　to　use　previously　gained　information　to　debate　or　discuss　issues　which　have　no　agreed　upon　definitive　resolution。　

Dopamine
A　neurotransmitter　associated　with　movement；　attention　and　learning　and　the　brain's　pleasure　and　reward　system。

Dopamine　Hypothesis
The　theory　that　schizophrenia　is　caused　by　an　excess　amount　of　dopamine　in　the　brain。　Research　has　found　that　medication　to　reduce　dopamine　can　reduce　the　positive　symptoms　of　schizophrenia。

Double　Blind　Study
Research　method　in　which　both　the　subjects　and　the　experimenter　are　unaware　or　'blind'　to　the　anticipated　results。　

Drive　
An　internal　motivation　to　fulfill　a　need　or　reduce　the　negative　aspects　of　an　unpleasant　situation。

Drug　Therapy
The　use　of　medication　to　treat　a　mental　illness。

E

Ego
In　Psychoanalytical　theory；　the　part　of　the　personality　which　maintains　a　balance　between　our　impulses　（id）　and　our　conscience　（superego）。

Egocentric
The　thinking　in　the　preoperational　stage　of　cognitive　development　where　children　believe　everyone　sees　the　world　fro　the　same　perspective　as　he　or　she　does。

Ego　Defense　Mechanisms
See　Defenses

Ego　Ideal
In　psychoanalytic　thought；　this　is　the　ideal　or　desired　behavior　of　the　ego　according　to　the　superego。

Ellis；　Albert
A　cognitive　Psychologist　who　developed　the　concept　of　Rational…Emotive　Therapy。　

Emotion
Feelings　about　a　situation；　person；　or　objects　that　involves　changes　in　physiological　arousal　and　cognitions。

Emotional　Intelligence　（EQ）
The　awareness　of　and　ability　to　manage　one's　emotions　in　a　healthy　and　productive　manner。　

Encoding
The　transformation　of　information　to　be　stored　in　memory。　

Endorphins
A　neurotransmitter　involved　in　pain　relief；　and　feelings　of　pleasure　and　contentedness。

Epinephrine
A　neurotransmitter　involved　in　energy　and　glucose　metabolism。　Too　little　has　been　associated　with　depression。　

Episodic　Memory
Subcategory　of　Declarative　memory　where　information　regarding　life　events　are　stored。　

Equal　Intervals
Characteristic　of　a　scale　of　measurement　where　the　individual　units　possess　the　qualities　of　equal　intervals。　The　difference　between　each　unit　of　measurement　is　exactly　the　same。

Equity　Theory
The　theory　that　argues　a　couple　must　see　each　other　as　contributing　and　benefiting　equally　to　the　relationship　for　them　both　to　feel　fortable　in　the　relationship。

Error
The　amount　of　other　variables　（aside　from　what　you　are　measuring）　that　can　impact　the　observed　score　

Error　Level
The　level　of　accepted　error　within　a　given　set　of　data。　The　greater　the　error　level；　the　wider　the　confidence　interval。

Escape　Conditioning
Operant　conditioning　based　on　the　idea　that　a　behavior　is　more　likely　to　be　repeated　if　it　results　in　the　cessation　of　a　negative　event。

Estimate
An　idea　about　a　characteristic　of　a　population　based　on　sample　data　（e。g。；　the　sample　mean　IQ　was　102　so　we　estimate　that　the　population　mean　IQ　is　also　102）

Eta
A　correlational　technique　used　primarily　for　non…linear　relationships。　（Example；　ine　and　age　are　positively　correlated　until　older　age　at　which　point　the　correlation　reverses　itself　to　some　extent。

Etiology　
Causal　relationships　of　diseases；　theories　regarding　how　the　specific　disease　or　disorder　began。

Experimental　Group
In　research；　the　group　of　subjects　who　receive　the　independent　variable。

Experimental　Method
Research　method　using　random　assignment　of　subjects　and　the　manipulation　of　variables　in　order　to　determine　cause　and　effect。　

Experimenter　Bias
Errors　in　a　research　study　due　to　the　predisposed　notions　or　beliefs　of　the　experimenter。

Expert　Power　
Power　derived　through　advanced　knowledge　or　experience　in　a　particular　subject。

Ex…Post…Facto　（After　the　Fact）　Research　
Research　method　in　which　the　independent　variable　is　administered　prior　to　the　study　without　the　researcher’s　control　and　its　effects　are　investigated　afterward　

External　Locus　of　Control　
The　belief　that　the　environment　has　more　control　over　life　circumstances　than　the　individual　does。　

External　Validity
The　extent　to　which　the　data　collected　from　a　sample　can　be　generalized　to　the　entire　population。

Extinction
The　reduction　and　eventual　disappearance　of　a　learned　or　conditioned　response　after　it　is　no　longer　paired　with　the　unconditioned　stimulus…response　chain。

Extrinsic　Motivation　
The　desire　or　push　to　perform　a　certain　behavior　based　on　the　potential　external　rewards　that　may　be　received　as　a　result。

Extroversion
Personality　style　where　the　individual　prefers　outward　and　group　activity　as　opposed　to　inward　and　individual　activity。

F

Factor　Analysis　
A　statistical　technique　used　to　determine　the　number　of　ponents　in　a　set　of　data。　These　ponents　are　then　named　according　to　their　characteristics　allowing　a　researcher　to　break　down　information　into　statistical　groups。

Factorial　ANOVA
An　Analysis　of　Variance　used　when　there　are　two　or　more　independent　variables。　When　there　are　two；　the　ANOVA　is　called　a　Two…Way　ANOVA；　three　independent　variables　would　use　a　Three…Way　ANOVA；　etc。

Family　Therapy　
Treatment　involving　family　members　which　seeks　to　change　the　unhealthy　familial　patterns　and　interactions。　

Fixation
In　Freud's　theory　of　psychosexual　development；　the　failure　to　plete　a　stage　successfully　which　results　in　a　continuation　of　that　stage　into　later　adulthood。　

Fixed　Interval　Schedule　
A　schedule　in　which　the　reinforcement　is　presented　after　a　specific　period　of　time。　

Fixed　Ratio　Schedule　
A　schedule　in　which　the　reinforcement　is　presented　after　a　specific　number　of　responses。

Fetish　
A　condition　in　which　arousal　and/or　sexual　gratification　is　attained　through　inanimate　objects　（shoes；　pantyhose）　or　non…sexual　body　parts　（feet；　hair）。　Is　considered　a　problem　when　the　object　is　needed　in　order　to　obtain　arousal　or　gratification　and　the　individual　can　not　can　not　plete　a　sexual　act　without　this　object　present。

Frequency　Distribution
A　table　showing　the　number　of　occurrences　for　each　score

Frequency　Effect　
The　phenomenon　in　memory　which　states　that　we　tend　to　remember　information　better　if　it　is　repeated。

Freud；　Sigmund　
Dr。　Freud　is　often　referred　to　as　the　father　of　clinical　psychology。　His　extensive　theory　of　personality　development　（psychoanalytical　theory）　is　the　cornerstone　for　modern　psychological　thought；　and　consists　of　（1）　the　psychosexual　stages　of　development；　（2）　the　structural　model　of　personality　（id；　ego；　superego）；　and　（3）　levels　of　consciousness　（conscious；　subconscious；　and　unconscious）。　See　Psychoanalysis。　

Flooding
A　behavioral　technique　used　to　treat　phobias　in　which　the　client　is　presented　with　the　feared　stimulus　until　the　associated　anxiety　disappears。　

Fluid　Intelligence
According　to　Cattell；　the　part　of　intelligence　which　involves　the　use；　as　opposed　to　the　acquisition；　of　information。　

Formal　Operational　Stage
Pavlov's　fourth　and　final　stage　of　cognitive　development　where　thinking　bees　more　abstract。

Framing
Presenting　information　either　positively　or　negatively　in　order　to　change　the　influence　is　has　on　an　individual　or　group。　

Free　Association
The　psychoanalytic　technique　of　allowing　a　patient　to　talk　without　direction　or　input　in　order　to　analyze　current　issues　of　the　client。　

Frontal　Lobe
The　lobe　at　the　front　of　the　brain　associated　with　movement；　speech；　and　impulsive　behavior。　

Frustration
The　feelings；　thoughts；　and　behaviors　associated　with　not　achieving　a　particular　goal　or　the　belief　that　a　goal　has　been　prematurely　interrupted。

Frustration…Aggression　Hypothesis
The　theory　arguing　that　aggression　is　the　natural　reaction　to　frustration。

Functionalism
The　school　of　thought　popular　in　the　19th　century　emphasizing　conscious　experiences　as　a　precursor　to　behavior

Fundamental　Attribution　Error　
The　tendency　to　over　estimate　the　internal　attributes　of　another　person's　actions。

G
G
General　intelligence。　Typically　pared　to　s　which　represents　specific　intelligences。　G　is　the　culmination　of　all　possible　s's。

GABA　（Gamma…Amino　Butyric　Acid）
A　neurotransmitter　involved　in　the　inhibition　of　anxiety　and　excitation。　Too　little　GABA　has　been　associated　with　anxiety　disorders。

Gender　Identity
The　internal　sense　of　being　either　male　or　female。　Usually　congruent　with　biological　gender；　but　not　always　as　in　Gender　Identity　Disorder。　

Gender　Role
The　accepted　behaviors；　thoughts；　and　emotions　of　a　specific　gender　based　upon　the　views　of　a　particular　society　or　culture。　

Gender　Typing
The　process　of　developing　the　behaviors；　thoughts；　and　emotions　associated　with　a　particular　gender。　

Generalization
The　tendency　to　associate　stimuli；　and　therefore　respond　similarly　to；　due　to　their　closeness　on　some　variable　such　as　size；　shape；　color；　or　meaning。　

Genital　Stage
Freud's　final　stage　of　psychosexual　development　where　healthy　sexual　development　is　defined　as　attraction　to　a　same　aged；　opposite　sexed　peer。

Gestalt　
German　word　typically　translated　as　meaning　'whole'　or　'form。'　

Gestalt　Therapy　
Treatment　focusing　on　the　awareness　and　understanding　of　one's　feelings。　

Grouped　Frequency　Distribution
A　table　showing　the　number　of　occurrences