estruction。
Threatened on one side by the flames devastating Cheapside； and on the other from those creeping steadily up from Blackfriars to this great centre； it was now impossible to save the venerable church； which Evelyn terms 〃one of the most ancient pieces of early Christian piety in the world。〃 Seen by this fierce light； and overhung by a crimson sky； every curve of its dark outline； every stone of its pillars and abutments； every column of its incomparable portico； stood clearly defined； so that never had it looked so stately and magnificent； so vast and majestic； as now when beheld for the last time。
Too speedily the fire advanced； watched by sorrowful eyes； but even before it had reached the scaffolding now surrounding the building； the vaulted roof； ignited by showers of sparks； burst into flames。 Then followed a scene unspeakably grand； yet melancholy beyond all telling。 In a few moments a pale yellow light had crept along the parapets； sending faint clouds of smoke upwards； as if more forcibly marking the course of destruction。 Then came the crackling； hissing sounds of timber yielding to the fire； and soon a great sheet of lead which covered the roof； and was said to measure six acres； melting by degrees； down came on every side a terrible rain of liquid fire that seamed and burned the ground； and carried destruction with it in its swift course towards the Thames。
And now； by reason of the fearful heat； great projections of Portland stone； cornices； and capitals of columns； flew off before the fire had time to reach them。 Windows melted in their frames； pillars fell to the ground； ironwork bent as wax； nay； the very pavements around glowed so that neither man nor horse dared tread upon them。 And the flames； gradually gaining ground； danced fantastically up and down the scaffolding； and covered the edifice as with one blaze； whilst inside transom beams were snapped asunder； rafters fell with destruction； and the fire roaring through chapels and aisles as in a great furnace； could be heard afar。 And that which had been a Christian shrine was now； a smoking ruin。
Raging onward in their fierce career； the flames darted towards such buildings in the neighbourhood as had been previously untouched； so that Paternoster Row； Newgate Street； the Old Bailey and Ludgate Hill were soon in course of destruction。 And from the latter spot the conflagration； urged by the wind； rapidly rushed onwards towards Fleet Street。 On the other hand； it extended from Cheapside to Ironmongers' Lane； Old Jewry； Lawrence Lane； Milk Street； Wood Street； Gutter Lane； and Foster Lane； and again spreading from Newgate Street； it surrounded and destroyed Christ Church； burned through St。 Martin's…le…Grand towards Aldgate； and threatened to continue its triumphant march to the suburbs。
For several miles nothing but raging fire and smoking ruins was visible； for desolation had descended on the city。 It was now feared the flames would reach the Palace of Whitehall； and extend towards Westminster Abbey； a consideration which caused much alarm to his majesty； who prized the sacred fane exceedingly。 And now the king was determined the orders he had already issued should be obeyed； and that houses standing in direct path of the fire should be demolished by gunpowder； so that； a greater gap being effected than any previously made by pulling them down； the conflagration might have no further material wherewith to strengthen and feed its further progress。
This plan； Evelyn states； had been proposed by some stout seamen early enough to have saved nearly the whole city； 〃but this some tenacious and avaricious men； aldermen； etc。； would not permit； because their houses would have been the first。〃 Now； however； this remedy was tried； and with greater despatch； because the fire threatened the Tower and the powder magazine it contained。 And if the flames once reached this； London Bridge would assuredly be destroyed； the vessels in the river torn and sunk； and incalculable damage to life and property effected。
Accordingly Tower Street； which had already become ignited； was； under supervision of the king； blown up in part； and the fire happily brought to an end by this means in that part of the town。 Moreover； on Wednesday morning the east wind； which had continued high from Sunday night； now subsided； so that the flames lost much of their vehemence； and by means of explosions were more easily mastered at Leadenhall and in Holborn； and likewise at the Temple； to which places they had spread during Wednesday and Thursday。
During these latter days； the king and the Duke of York betrayed great vigilance； and laboured with vast activity； the latter especially； riding from post to post； by his example inciting those whose courage had deserted them； and by his determination overcoming destruction。 On Thursday the dread conflagration； after raging for five consecutive days and nights； was at length conquered。
On Friday morning the sun rose like a ball of crimson fire above a scene of blackness； ruin； and desolation。 Whole streets were levelled to the ground； piles of charred stones marked where stately churches had stood； smoke rose in clouds from smouldering embers。 With sorrowful hearts many citizens traversed the scene of desolation that day； amongst others Pepys and Evelyn。 The latter recounts that 〃the ground and air； smoke and fiery vapour； continu'd so intense； that my haire was almost sing'd； and my feete unsuffurably surbated。 The people who now walk'd about ye ruines appear'd like men in some dismal desert； or rather in some greate citty laid waste by a cruel enemy； to which was added that stench that came from some poore creatures' bodies； beds； and other combustible goods。〃
It would have been impossible to trace the original course of the streets； but that some gable； pinnacle； or portion of walls； of churches； halls； or mansions； indicated where they had stood。 The narrower thoroughfares were completely blocked by rubbish； massive iron chains； then used to prevent traffic at night in the streets； were melted； as were likewise iron gates of prisons； and the hinges of strong doors。 Goods stored away in cellars and subterranean passages of warehouses yet smouldered； emitting foul odours； wells were completely choked； fountains were dried at their sources。 The statues of monarchs which had adorned the Exchange； were smashed； that of its founder； Sir Thomas Gresham； alone remaining entire。 The ruins of St。 Paul's； with its walls standing black and cheerless； presented in itself a most melancholy spectacle。 Its pillars were embedded in ashes； its cornices irretrievably destroyed； its great bell reduced to a shapeless mass of metal； whilst its general air of desolation was heightened by the fact that a few monuments； which had escaped destruction； rose abruptly from amidst the charred DEBRIS。
But if the ruins of the capital looked sad by day； their appearance was more appalling when seen by light of the moon； which rose nightly during the week following this great calamity。 From the city gates； standing gaunt； black； and now unguarded； to the Temple； the level waste seemed sombre as a funeral pall； whilst the Thames； stripped of wharves and warehouses； quaintly gabled homes； and comfortable innswont to cast pleasant lights and shadows on its surfacenow swept past the blackened ruins a melancholy river of white waters。
In St。 George's Fields； Moorfields； and far as Highgate for several miles； citizens of all degrees； to the number of two hundred thousand； had gathered： sleeping in the open fields； or under canvas tents； or in wooden sheds which they hurriedly erected。 Some there were amongst them who had been used to comfort and luxury； but who were now without bed or board； or aught to cover them save the clothes in which they had hastily dressed when fleeing from the fire。 And to many it seemed as if they had only been saved from one calamity to die by another： for they had nought wherewith to satisfy their hunger； yet had too much pride to seek relief。
And whilst yet wildly distracted by their miserable situation； weary from exhaustion； and nervous from lack of repose； a panic arose in their midst which added much to their distress。 For suddenly news was spread that the French； Dutch and English papists were marching on them； prepared to cut their throats。 At which； broken…spirited as they were； they rose up； and leaving such goods that they had saved； rushed towards Westminster to seek protection from their imaginary foes。 On this； the king sought to prove the falsity of their alarm； and with infinite difficulty persuaded them to return to the fields： whence he despatched troops of soldiers； whose presence helped to calm their fears。
And the king having； moreover； tender compassion for their wants； speedily sought to supply them。 He therefore summoned a council that it might devise means of relief； and as a result； it published a proclamation ordering that bread and all other provisions； such as could be furnished； should be daily and constantly brought； not only to the markets formerly in use； but also to Clerkenwell； Islington； Finsbury Fields； Mile End Green； and Ratcliffe； for greater convenience of the