n in the simplest form； I would draw a straight line and a circle； and of the line I would say； 'This is God； for he alone moves forever straightforward；' and of the circle； 'This is mansuch is his progress。' I do not mean that there is no difference between the careers of nations； no two are alike。 The difference； however； is not； as some say； in the extent of the circle they describe or the space of earth they cover； but in the sphere of their movement； the highest being nearest God。
〃To stop here； my son； would be to leave the subject where we began。 Let us go on。 There are signs by which to measure the height of the circle each nation runs while in its course。 By them let us compare the Hebrew and the Roman。
〃The simplest of all the signs is the daily life of the people。 Of this I will only say； Israel has at times forgotten God； while the Roman never knew him； consequently comparison is not possible。
〃Your friendor your former friendcharged； if I understood you rightly； that we have had no poets； artists； or warriors； by which he meant； I suppose； to deny that we have had great men； the next most certain of the signs。 A just consideration of this charge requires a definition at the commencement。 A great man； O my boy； is one whose life proves him to have been recognized； if not called； by God。 A Persian was used to punish our recreant fathers； and he carried them into captivity； another Persian was selected to restore their children to the Holy Land； greater than either of them； however； was the Macedonian through whom the desolation of Judea and the Temple was avenged。 The special distinction of the men was that they were chosen by the Lord； each for a divine purpose； and that they were Gentiles does not lessen their glory。 Do not lose sight of this definition while I proceed。
〃There is an idea that war is the most noble occupation of men； and that the most exalted greatness is the growth of battle…fields。 Because the world has adopted the idea； be not you deceived。 That we must worship something is a law which will continue as long as there is anything we cannot understand。 The prayer of the barbarian is a wail of fear addressed to Strength； the only divine quality he can clearly conceive； hence his faith in heroes。 What is Jove but a Roman hero？ The Greeks have their great glory because they were the first to set Mind above Strength。 In Athens the orator and philosopher were more revered than the warrior。 The charioteer and the swiftest runner are still idols of the arena； yet the immortelles are reserved for the sweetest singer。 The birthplace of one poet was contested by seven cities。 But was the Hellene the first to deny the old barbaric faith？ No。 My son； that glory is ours； against brutalism our fathers erected God； in our worship； the wail of fear gave place to the Hosanna and the Psalm。 So the Hebrew and the Greek would have carried all humanity forward and upward。 But； alas！ the government of the world presumes war as an eternal condition； wherefore； over Mind and above God； the Roman has enthroned his Caesar； the absorbent of all attainable power； the prohibition of any other greatness。
〃The sway of the Greek was a flowering time for genius。 In return for the liberty it then enjoyed； what a company of thinkers the Mind led forth？ There was a glory for every excellence； and a perfection so absolute that in everything but war even the Roman has stooped to imitation。 A Greek is now the model of the orators in the Forum； listen； and in every Roman song you will hear the rhythm of the Greek； if a Roman opens his mouth speaking wisely of moralities； or abstractions； or of the mysteries of nature； he is either a plagiarist or the disciple of some school which had a Greek for its founder。 In nothing but war； I say again； has Rome a claim to originality。 Her games and spectacles are Greek inventions； dashed with blood to gratify the ferocity of her rabble； her religion； if such it may be called； is made up of contributions from the faiths of all other peoples； her most venerated gods are from Olympuseven her Mars； and； for that matter； the Jove she much magnifies。 So it happens； O my son； that of the whole world our Israel alone can dispute the superiority of the Greek； and with him contest the palm of original genius。
〃To the excellences of other peoples the egotism of a Roman is a blindfold； impenetrable as his breastplate。 Oh； the ruthless robbers！ Under their trampling the earth trembles like a floor beaten with flails。 Along with the rest we are fallenalas that I should say it to you； my son！ They have our highest places； and the holiest； and the end no man can tell； but this I knowthey may reduce Judea as an almond broken with hammers； and devour Jerusalem； which is the oil and sweetness thereof； yet the glory of the men of Israel will remain a light in the heavens overhead out of reach： for their history is the history of God； who wrote with their hands； spake with their tongues； and was himself in all the good they did； even the least； who dwelt with them； a Lawgiver on Sinai； a Guide in the wilderness； in war a Captain； in government a King； who once and again pushed back the curtains of the pavilion which is his resting…place； intolerably bright； and； as a man speaking to men； showed them the right； and the way to happiness； and how they should live； and made them promises binding the strength of his Almightiness with covenants sworn to everlastingly。 O my son； could it be that they with whom Jehovah thus dwelt； an awful familiar； derived nothing from him？that in their lives and deeds the common human qualities should not in some degree have been mixed and colored with the divine？ that their genius should not have in it； even after the lapse of ages； some little of heaven？〃
For a time the rustling of the fan was all the sound heard in the chamber。
〃In the sense which limits art to sculpture and painting； it is true；〃 she next said； 〃Israel has had no artists。〃
The admission was made regretfully； for it must be remembered she was a Sadducee； whose faith； unlike that of the Pharisees； permitted a love of the beautiful in every form； and without reference to its origin。
〃Still he who would do justice；〃 she proceeded； 〃will not forget that the cunning of our hands was bound by the prohibition； 'Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image； or any likeness of anything；' which the Sopherim wickedly extended beyond its purpose and time。 Nor should it be forgotten that long before Daedalus appeared in Attica and with his wooden statues so transformed sculpture as to make possible the schools of Corinth and AEgina； and their ultimate triumphs the Poecile and Capitoliumlong before the age of Daedalus； I say； two Israelites； Bezaleel and Aholiab； the master…builders of the first tabernacle； said to have been skilled 'in all manner of workmanship；' wrought the cherubim of the mercy…seat above the ark。 Of gold beaten； not chiseled； were they； and they were statues in form both human and divine。 'And they shall stretch forth their wings on high； 。 。 。 。 and their faces shall look one to another。' Who will say they were not beautiful？ or that they were not the first statues？〃
〃Oh； I see now why the Greek outstripped us；〃 said Judah； intensely interested。 〃And the ark； accursed be the Babylonians who destroyed it！〃
〃Nay； Judah； be of faith。 It was not destroyed； only lost； hidden away too safely in some cavern of the mountains。 One dayHillel and Shammai both say soone day； in the Lord's good time； it will be found and brought forth； and Israel dance before it； singing as of old。 And they who look upon the faces of the cherubim then； though they have seen the face of the ivory Minerva； will be ready to kiss the hand of the Jew from love of his genius； asleep through all the thousands of years。〃
The mother； in her eagerness； had risen into something like the rapidity and vehemence of a speech…maker； but now； to recover herself； or to pick up the thread of her thought； she rested awhile。
〃You are so good； my mother；〃 he said； in a grateful way。 〃And I will never be done saying so。 Shammai could not have talked better； nor Hillel。 I am a true son of Israel again。〃
〃Flatterer！〃 she said。 〃You do not know that I am but repeating what I heard Hillel say in an argument he had one day in my presence with a sophist from Rome。〃
〃Well； the hearty words are yours。〃
Directly all her earnestness returned。
〃Where was I？ Oh yes； I was claiming for our Hebrew fathers the first statues。 The trick of the sculptor； Judah； is not all there is of art； any more than art is all there is of greatness。 I always think of great men marching down the centuries in groups and goodly companies； separable according to nationalities； here the Indian； there the Egyptian； yonder the Assyrian； above them the music of trumpets and the beauty of banners； and on their right hand and left； as reverent spectators； the generations from the beginning； numberless。 As they go； I think of the Greek； saying； 'Lo！ The Hellene leads the way。' Then the Roman replies； 'Silence！ what was your place is ours now； we have left you behind as dust trodden on。' And all the time； from the far front back over the line of march； as well as for