iar sidelong movement； shaking his doubled fist； and threatening destruction。 Then his upper lip may be seen to be raised； especially at the corners； so that his huge canine teeth are exhibited。 He hisses forth his curses through his set teeth； and his whole expression assumes the character of extreme ferocity。 A similar description is applicable to another man； excepting that he generally foams at the mouth and spits； dancing and jumping about in a strange rapid manner； shrieking out his maledictions in a shrill falsetto voice。
＇11＇ ‘The Spectator；' July 11； 1868； p。 810。
Dr。 Browne also informs me of the case of an epileptic idiot； incapable of independent movements； and who spends the whole day in playing with some toys； but his temper is morose and easily roused into fierceness。 When any one touches his toys； he slowly raises his head from its habitual downward position； and fixes his eyes on the offender； with a tardy yet angry scowl。 If the annoyance be repeated； he draws back his thick lips and reveals a prominent row of hideous fangs （large canines being especially noticeable）； and then makes a quick and cruel clutch with his open hand at the offending person。 The rapidity of this clutch； as Dr。 Browne remarks； is marvellous in a being ordinarily so torpid that he takes about fifteen seconds； when attracted by any noise； to turn his head from one side to the other。 If； when thus incensed； a handkerchief； book； or other article； be placed into his hands； he drags it to his mouth and bites it。 Mr。 Nicol has likewise described to me two cases of insane patients； whose lips are retracted during paroxysms of rage。
Dr。 Maudsley； after detailing various strange animal…like traits in idiots； asks whether these are not due to the reappearance of primitive instincts〃a faint echo from a far…distant past； testifying to a kinship which man has almost outgrown。〃 He adds； that as every human brain passes； in the course of its development； through the same stages as those occurring in the lower vertebrate animals； and as the brain of an idiot is in an arrested condition； we may presume that it 〃will manifest its most primitive functions； and no higher functions。〃 Dr。 Maudsley thinks that the same view may be extended to the brain in its degenerated condition in some insane patients； and asks； whence come 〃the savage snarl； the destructive disposition； the obscene language； the wild howl； the offensive habits； displayed by some of the insane？ Why should a human being； deprived of his reason； ever become so brutal in character； as some do； unless he has the brute nature within him？〃＇12＇ This question must； as it would appear； he answered in the affirmative。
_Anger； Indignation_。These states of the mind differ from rage only in degree； and there is no marked distinction in their characteristic signs。 Under moderate anger the action of the heart is a little increased； the colour heightened； and the eyes become bright。 The respiration is likewise a little hurried； and as all the muscles serving for this function act in association； the wings of the nostrils are somewhat raised to allow of a free indraught of air； and this is a highly characteristic sign of indignation。 The mouth is commonly compressed； and there is almost always a frown on the brow。 Instead of the frantic gestures of extreme rage； an indignant man unconsciously throws himself into an attitude ready for attacking or striking his enemy； whom he will perhaps scan from head to foot in defiance。 He carries his head erect； with his chest well expanded； and the feet planted firmly on the ground。 He holds his arms in various positions； with one or both elbows squared； or with the arms rigidly suspended by his sides。 With Europeans the fists are commonly clenched。＇13＇ The figures 1 and 2 in Plate VI。 are fairly good representations of men simulating indignation。 Any one may see in a mirror； if he will vividly imagine that he has been insulted and demands an explanation in an angry tone of voice； that he suddenly and unconsciously throws himself into some such attitude。
＇12＇ ‘Body and Mind；' 1870； pp。 51…53。
Rage； anger； and indignation are exhibited in nearly the same manner throughout the world； and the following descriptions may be worth giving as evidence of this； and as illustrations of some of the foregoing remarks。 There is； however； an exception with respect to clenching the fists； which seems confined chiefly to the men who fight with their fists。 With the Australians only one of my informants has seen the fists clenched。 All agree about the body being held erect； and all； with two exceptions； state that the brows are heavily contracted。 Some of them allude to the firmly…compressed mouth； the distended nostrils； and flashing eyes。 According to the Rev。 Mr。 Taplin； rage； with the Australians； is expressed by the lips being protruded； the eyes being widely open； and in the case of the women by their dancing about and casting dust into the air。 Another observer speaks of the native men； when enraged； throwing their arms wildly about。
＇13＇ Le Brun； in his well…known ‘Conference sur l'Expression' （‘La Physionomie； par Lavater；' edit。 of 1820； vol。 lx。 p。 268）； remarks that anger is expressed by the clenching of the fists。 See； to the same effect； Huschke； ‘Mimices et Physiognomices； Fragmentum Physiologicum；' 1824； p。 20。 Also Sir C。 Bell； ‘Anatomy of Expression；' p。 219。
I have received similar accounts； except as to the clenching of the fists； in regard to the Malays of the Malacca peninsula； the Abyssinians； and the natives of South Africa。 So it is with the Dakota Indians of North America； and； according to Mr。 Matthews； they then hold their heads erect； frown； and often stalk away with long strides。 Mr。 Bridges states that the Fuegians； when enraged； frequently stamp on the ground； walk distractedly about； sometimes cry and grow pale。 The Rev。 Mr。 Stack watched a New Zealand man and woman quarrelling； and made the following entry in his note…book： 〃Eyes dilated； body swayed violently backwards and forwards； head inclined forwards； fists clenched； now thrown behind the body； now directed towards each other's faces。〃 Mr。 Swinhoe says that my description agrees with what he has seen of the Chinese； excepting that an angry man generally inclines his body towards his antagonist； and pointing at him； pours forth a volley of abuse。
Lastly； with respect to the natives of India； Mr。 J。 Scott has sent me a full description of their gestures and expression when enraged。 Two low…caste Bengalees disputed about a loan。 At first they were calm； but soon grew furious and poured forth the grossest abuse on each other's relations and progenitors for many generations past。 Their gestures were very different from those of Europeans； for though their chests were expanded and shoulders squared； their arms remained rigidly suspended； with the elbows turned inwards and the hands alternately clenched and opened。 Their shoulders were often raised high； and then again lowered。 They looked fiercely at each other from under their lowered and strongly wrinkled brows； and their protruded lips were firmly closed。 They approached each other； with heads and necks stretched forwards； and pushed； scratched； and grasped at each other。 This protrusion of the head and body seems a common gesture with the enraged； and I have noticed it with degraded English women whilst quarrelling violently in the streets。 In such cases it may be presumed that neither party expects to receive a blow from the other。
A Bengalee employed in the Botanic Gardens was accused； in the presence of Mr。 Scott； by the native overseer of having stolen a valuable plant。 He listened silently and scornfully to the accusation； his attitude erect； chest expanded； mouth closed； lips protruding； eyes firmly set and penetrating。 He then defiantly maintained his innocence； with upraised and clenched hands； his head being now pushed forwards； with the eyes widely open and eyebrows raised。 Mr。 Scott also watched two Mechis； in Sikhim； quarrelling about their share of payment。 They soon got into a furious passion； and then their bodies became less erect； with their heads pushed forwards； they made grimaces at each other； their shoulders were raised； their arms rigidly bent inwards at the elbows； and their hands spasmodically closed； but not properly clenched。 They continually approached and retreated from each other； and often raised their arms as if to strike； but their hands were open； and no blow was given。 Mr。 Scott made similar observations on the Lepchas whom he often saw quarrelling； and he noticed that they kept their arms rigid and almost parallel to their bodies； with the hands pushed somewhat backwards and partially closed； but not clenched。
_Sneering； Defiance： Uncovering the canine tooth on one side_。 The expression which I wish here to consider differs but little from that already described； when the lips are retracted and the grinning teeth exposed。 The difference consists solely in the upper lip being retracted in such a manner that the canine tooth on one side of the face alone is shown； the face itself being generally a little upturned and half averted from the person causing offen